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THE  LOST  WAR  MBS   OF  THE  CONFEDERATES 
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THE  LOST  WAR  MAPS  OP  THE  CONFEDERATES 
By  Albert  H.  Campbell 


Century 
Jan. 1888 


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The  Lost  War  Maps  of  the  Confederates 

In  several  published  articles,  and  in  several  books 
by  Confederate  generals  and  civilians,  there  have 
been  severe  criticisms  (some  just  and  some  unjust)  in 
regard  to  the  want  of  suitable  maps  for  the  guidance  of 
our  commanders.  General  D.  H.  Hill  in  The  Cen- 
tury, and  General  Dick  Taylor  and  Mr.  Jefferson 
Davis  in  their  books,  have  made  special  mention  of 
this  want,  and  General  Long  in  his  recent  "  Memoirs 
of  Robert  E.  Lee  "  comes  to  the  defense  of  that  dis- 
tinguished general  from- this  im'gjied  blame,  and  remarks 
that  "  the  want  of  maps  should  be  placed  where  it 
properly  belongs, — with  the  war-directing  authority  at 
Richmond,"  and  he  further  states  that  "the  blunders 
complained  of  were  morejhe  result  of  inattention  to 
orders  and  want  of  proper  energy  on  the  part  of  a  few 
subordinate  commanders  than  any  lack  of  knowledge 
of  the  country."  These  remarks  of  General  Long  are 
substantially  true.  The  writer  has  the  best  of  reasons 
from  personal  knowledge  and  observation,  and  from 
an  interview  with  General  Lee  a  little  after  daybreak 
on  Sunday  morning,  June  29th,  1862,  for  confirming 
the  truth  of  the  latter  remarks  as  to  "inattention  to 
orders  and  want  of  proper  energy,"  in  this  particular 
campaign  up  to  that  date.  The  escape  of  McCIellan's 
army  from  White  Oak  Swamp  wTas  undoubtedly  due 
to  these  short-comings,  and  I  am  persuaded  that  Gen- 
eral Long  and  others  have  proved  conclusively  that  the 
same  cause  prevented  the  concentration  of  Lee's  army 
at  the  proper  time  before  Gettysburg  and  occasioned 
its  defeat  there.  It  is  one  of  the  many  failings  of  hu- 
manity to  shift  blame  from  one  shoulder  to  another,  as 
it  is  also  to  claim  the  merit  of  success  where  it  is  not 
due.  Any  simpleton  can  now  untie  a  Gordian  knot, 
knowing  how  Alexander  did  it. 

*  Several  trees  were  cut  down. —  See  foot-note,  page  306,  of 
The  Century  magazine  for  June,  1887. —  Editor. 


480 


MEMORANDA    ON  THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


It  is  true  that  there  were  no  maps  of  any  account  in 
existence  at  the  time  when  General  Lee  assumed  the 
command,  that  were  of  use  to  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia,  June  1st,  1862.  Incomplete  tracings  or  frag- 
ments of  the  old  "  Nine-Sheet"  map  of  Virginia  were 
probably  all  that  our  commanders  had  for  guidance. 
General  Long  has,  therefore,  seemingly  made  an  error 
in  asserting  in  his  note  at  the  close  of  chapter  ten  of 
his  book  that  the  map  accompanying  that  chapter  was 
"  used  by  General  Lee  during  this  campaign,"  as  will 
be  seen  by  reference  to  the  indorsements  on  the  map 
itself.  The  "  Seven  Days'  Fight "  occurred  in  June- 
July,  1862.  This  map  was  approved  by  me  April  3d, 
and  was  "  sent  from  the  Engineer  Bureau  with  letter 
of  April  4th,  1S63."  It  may,  as  alleged  in  the  note,  have 
been  filed  subsequent  to  these  dates,  but  it  was  not  in 
existence  at  the  time  stated  by  General  Long,  as  will 
be  seen  further  on. 

Up  to  this  period  the  blame,  if  any  is  due,  must  lie 
with  the  "war-directing  power  at  Richmond."  It  is 
probable  that  weightier  matters  filled  the  minds  of  the 
higher  authorities  at  this  time,  and  that  too  much  reli- 
ance was  placed  by  commanders  in  the  field  in  the 
efficiency  of  local  guides  and  the  insane  and  ridiculous 
notion  that  was  affected  that  one  Southern  man  could 
lick  three  Yankees  under  any  and  all  circumstances ; 
and  besides,  our  armies  as  yet  had  not  had  sufficient 
battlings  and  unnecessary  losses  of  men,  to  develop 
the  indispensable  necessity  of  a  more  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  topographical  details  of  regions  over  which 
troops  must  be  manoeuvred.  The  march  up  the  pen- 
insula from  Yorktown,  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks  and 
Seven  Pines,  Jackson's  collision  with  Hill's  line  of 
march  from  Mechanicsville  to  Gaines's  Mill,  and  the 
whole  seven  days'  campaign  brought  out  this  fact  in 
strong  colors,  bloody  colors,  at  Beaver  Dam  Creek. 

One  of  the  first  things  that  engaged  General  Lee's 
attention  on  taking  command  of  the  army  was  the  or- 
ganization of  some  plan  for  procuring  accurate  maps 
for  his  own  use  and  that  of  his  commanders.  A  few 
days  after  this  event,  on  the  3d  or  4th  of  June,  the 
writer  was  sought  by  Major  Walter  H.  Stevens,  Chief 
Engineer  of  the  army  at  that  time,  and  Major  Jasper  S. 
Whiting,  his  associate,  and  was  informed  that  they  had 
been  sent  from  headquarters  by  General  Lee  to  find  a 
suitable  person  to  takecharge  of  a  topographical  organi- 
zation which  he  was  desirous  of  having  formed  as  soon 
as  possible,  and  proceed  to  the  field,  as  he  found  no 
maps  of  consequence  on  taking  command  of  thearmy ; 
and  as  maps  were  indispensable,  no  means  must  be 
spared  to  procure  them.  I  was  asked  if  I  would  under- 
take the  duty  and  on  what  terms.  They  were  in- 
formed that  I  had  an  application  for  the  appointment 
to  a  captaincy  in  the  Engineer  Corps,  favorably  in- 
dorsed by  the  President,  which  for  several  months  had 
been  conveniently  pigeon-holed  in  the  Engineer  Bureau, 
and  that  if  they  would  procure  that  appointment  I  would 
accept  it  and  proceed  immediately  to  work.  It  was 
done  by  order  of  General  Lee  on  recommendation 
of  those  officers,  and  my  commission  was  dated  and 
received  on  June  6th.  Two  or  three  surveying  parties 
furnished  with  the  necessary  instruments  were  im- 
mediately organized  and  started  from  Richmond  .as  a 
center,  to  radiate  thence  to  the  picket-lines  of  the  army, 
from  Meadow  Bridge  around  to  James  River,  each 
party  taking  an  allotted  sector  of  that  circumscribed 


space.  This  work  had  not  sufficiently  far  advanced  to 
be  of  any  use  in  June,  for  no  part  of  the  region  beyond 
our  lines  was  accessible  to  survey  until  June  30th,  when 
orders  were  given  to  follow  in  the  wake  of  our  army 
and  extend  the  surveys  as  fast  and  as  far  as  possible. 
The  field  work  was  mapped  as  fast  as  practicable,  but  as 
the  army  soon  changed  its  location,  more  immediate  at- 
tention was  given  toother  localities.  Therefore,  this  map 
in  question  was  dated  1862-3:  it  was  not  available  as 
complete  until  the  spring  of  1863.  Other  parties,  soon 
after  these  first  ones  were  started,  were  sent  into  Han- 
over and  Spotsylvania  counties,  and  as  fast  as  possible 
other  parties,  amounting  in  all  to  about  thirteen,  were 
formed  and  sent  into  other  counties  of  northern  and 
north-eastern  portions  of  Virginia,  until  in  the  course  of 
time  detailed  surveys  were  made  and  at  the  close  of  the 
contest  nearly  all  the  work  was  mapped,  from  the  western 
part  of  Fauquier  and  Rappahannock  counties  to  Wil- 
mington, North  Carolina;  from  the  strategic  lines  on 
the  eastward  to  the  Piedmont  region  of  Virginia ;  and 
down  the  valley  of  Virginia  as  far  as  the  Potomac  River 
in  Jefferson  and  Berkeley  counties ;  and  into  south- 
western Virginia  as  far  as  Smythe  county  ;  and  nearly 
all  the  counties  south  of  James  River  east  of  Lynch- 
burg unoccupied  by  the  Federal  forces.  The  surveys 
in  North  Carolina  embraced  a  considerable  belt  on  each 
side  of  the  Weldon  and  Wilmington  R.  R.  The  exact 
limits  of  these  extensive  surveys  can  not  now  be  recalled, 
for  these  maps  have  all  been  lost. 

The  general  plan  of  operations  was  adopted  of 
placing  full  parties  in  each  county,  and  maps  of  each 
county  thus  successively  surveyed  in  detail  were  con- 
structed on  a  comparatively  large  scale,  giving  full 
credit  to  heads  of  field  corps  in  the  titles;  and  also 
general  maps,  one  north  and  one  south  of  James  Riv- 
er, were  prepared  on  a  smaller  scale,  preserving  all 
the  details.  So  great  was  the  demand  for  maps  occa- 
sioned by  frequent  changes  in  the  situation  of  the  armies, 
that  it  became  impossible  by  the  usual  method  of  tra- 
cings to  supply  them.  I  conceived  the  plan  of  doing  this 
work  by  photography,  though  expert  photographers 
pronounced  it  impracticable,  in  fact  impossible.  To 
me  it  was  an  original  idea,  though  I  believe  nut  a  new 
one,  but  not  in  practical  use.  Traced  copies  ,  ere  pre- 
pared on  common  tracing-paper  in  very  black  India 
ink,  and  from  these  sharp  negatives  by  su  --printing 
were  obtained,  and  from  these  negatives  copies  were 
multiplied  by  exposure  to  the  sun  in  frames  made  for 
the  purpose.  The  several  sections,  properly  toned, 
were  pasted  together  in  their  order,  and  formed  the 
general  map,  or  such  portions  of  it  as  were  desired; 
it  being  the  policy,  as  a  matter  of  prudence  against  cap- 
ture, to  furnish  no  one  but  the  commanding  general 
and  corps  commanders  with  the  entire  map  of  a  given 
region. 

From  this  statement  it  will  be  seen  that  to  General 
Lee  is  due  the  credit  of  promptly  originating  method- 
ical means  for  procuring  accurate  maps  to  supply  the 
want  that  has  been,  by  implication  mainly,  so  unfavor- 
ably commented  on.  Many  maps  that  grace  various 
memoirs,  and  personal  recollections,  and  descriptions 
of  campaigns  and  battle-fields  in  Virginia  have  their 
basis  in  the  maps  made  as  above  described,  though  ac- 
credited to  others.  "I  could  a  tale  unfold"  in  regard 
to  some  of  these  stolen  maps,  but  cut  bono  ?  Nil  pro- 
prium  ducas  quod  mutari  potest. 


MEMORANDA   ON  THE   CIVIL    WAR. 


481 


General  Woodruff,  United  States  Engineer,  orally, 
and  Generals  Lee  and  Gilmer  and  several  other  per- 
sons have  from  time  to  time,  by  letter,  inquired  of  me 
the  fate  of  these  maps.  It  may  be  of  public  interest  to 
give  all  the  information  I  have  concerning  them,  for  it 
does  not  seem  to  be  known  how  extensive,  how  com- 
plete, and  how  valuable  these  surveys  were.  It  was 
gratifying  to  my  pride  to  learn  that  the  United  States 
Engineer  Bureau  was  desirous  of  obtaining  our  maps, 
and  to  hear  one  of  the  distinguished  officers  attached 
thereto  remark  that  our  maps  were  better  than  their 
own.  His  expressed  reasons  in  nowise  reflected  on 
his  own  service,  but  accounted  for  it  from  the  fact  that 
no  regular  system  could  be  maintained  in  consequence 
of  the  frequent  change  of  commanders  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac.  On  Sunday,  April  2d,  the  night  of  the 
evacuation  of  Richmond,  about  10  o'clock  p.  M.,  I 
placed  in  charge  of  an  engineer  officer  and  a  draughts- 
man, upon  an  archive  train  bound  for  Raleigh,  North 
Carolina,  a  box  or  two  containing  all  the  original  maps 
and  other  archives  of  my  office,  except  the  field  note- 
books, which  were  burned  by  order  of  my  superior. 
This  officer  in  charge  never  has  reported  to  me  the  fate 
of  this  property,  nor  his  own  fate.  It  is  supposed  it 
was  burned  with  the  train,  or  pillaged,  for  fragments 
of  some  of  the  maps  were  reported  to  have  been  seen 
along  that  route  in  North  Carolina.  Nineteen  years 
after  the  shipment  of  this  property  I  received  a  pack- 
age of  worthless  securities,  personal  property,  from  a 
son  of  General  Gilmer  in  Savannah.  He  could  give  no 
information  as  to  how  this  package  came  into  his  fa- 
ther's possession.  I  presume  General  Gilmer  did  not 
have  them  in  1867-8,  when  I  saw  him  in  Savannah,  for 
he  did  not  mention  them.  This  package  was  in  one  of 
those  boxes,  my  camp-desk.  Who  sent  those  papers  to 
General  Gilmer  ?  and  did  the  sender  retain  the  maps 
and  correspondence  ?  There  were  many  autograph  let- 
ters from  various  generals  acknowledging  with  thanks 
the  receipt  of  maps,  with  commendations  as  to  their  com- 
pleteness and  accuracy.  I  should  like  to  recover  these 
letters.  The  negatives  of  the  general  maps,  to  divide 
the  chances  of  capture,  I  gave  to  my  private  secretary. 
Some  time  after,  he  informed  me  that  he  had  carried 
them  with  him  in  his  flight  as  far  as  Macon,  Georgia, 
and  on  hir  return,  for  greater  security,  had  placed  them 
in  a  lady';  trunk,  a  fellow-passenger's.  Hearing  en 
route  that  all  baggage  of  returning  fugitives  was  to  be 
examined  at  Augusta,  Georgia  (which  proved  to  be  a 
false  rumor),  he  incontinently  burned  them  to  save  Hum. 
This  is  the  extent  of  my  information  concerning  the 
fate  of  these  valuable  maps.    On  learning  this  sad  fate 


of  all  the  evidences  of  our  three  years'  labor,  and  that 
my  modicum  of  glory  was  thus  dissipated  in  thin  air, 
my  feelings  were  akin  to  those  of  Audubon  when  he 
learned  that  the  rats  had  destroyed  his  labor  of  years 
in  the  wilderness  of  woods ;  or,  more  congenially,  per- 
haps, to  those  of  General  Magruder  on  being  informed 
in  advance  of  written  orders  that  he  was  to  make  prep- 
arations for  evacuating  his  lines  before  Yorktown  at 
an  early  hour.  Raising  himself  on  one  elbow,  when 
he  was  roused  from  his  slumbers  to  hear  the  verbal 
order  to  that  purport  from  General  Johnston,  he  re- 
marked with  mingled  astonishment  and  disgust,  in  that 
peculiar  manner  of  speech  which  all  who  knew  him 
will  recognize  :  "  Stevenths  (Stevens)  thic  iranthit 
gloria  pe-nin-thu-lee." 

Albert  H.  Campbell. 
Charleston,  W.  Va.,  May  17th,  1887. 

General  Robert  B.  Potter  and  the  Assault 
at  the  Petersburg  Crater. 

In  The  Century  magazine  for  September  (page 
764),  in  an  account  of  the  Explosion  of  the  Mine  at 
Petersburg,  it  is  stated  that 

"each  of  the  three  commanders  of  the  white  divisions 
presented  reasons  why  his  division  should  not  lead  the 
assault.  General  Burnside  determined  that  they  should 
'  pull  straws,'  and  Ledlie  was  the  (to  him)  unlucky  vic- 
tim.   He,  however,  took  it  good-naturedly." 

There  are  the  best  reasons  for  saying  that  this  state- 
ment is  incorrect,  and  among  them  is  a  letter  written 
by  General  Robert  B.  Potter  to  one  who  especially  en- 
joyed his  confidence,  in  which  he  says  : 

"  My  division  expected  and  was  anxious  to  have  the 
advance,  because  they  knew  the  ground,  had  an  interest 
in  the  work,  were  in  the  best  condition,  and  known  to  be 
the  best  division  in  the  corps." 

That  he  did  not  have  this  task  committed  to  him  was 
well  known  by  his  friends  to  have  been  the  one  great 
disappointment  of  General  Potter's  army  life,  and  there 
are  those  who  have  often  heard  him  say  that,  so  far 
from  there  having  been  reluctance  on  the  part  of  any 
of  the  division  commanders  of  the  Ninth  Corps  to 
take  the  leading  place  in  the  charge,  they  were  all  de- 
sirous of  that  honor.  The  question  was  decided  by 
General  Burnside  in»order  that  in  the  choice  there 
should  not  seem  to  be  any  favoritism,  and,  especially, 
to  avoid  that  appearance  of  partiality  for  a  very  dear 
personal  friend  which  would  not  improbably  have 
been  said  to  have  influenced  him  had  he  chosen 
General  Potter. 

Henry  C.  Potter. 

New  York,  Nov.  5th,  1887. 


A  CAVALRY  ORDERLY.      (FROM  A  PHOTOGRAPH.) 


TOPICS    OF   THE   TIME. 


Manual   Training  in   Common    Schools.* 

THE  argument  against  common  schools  has  been  put 
in  its  strongest  form  by  a  distinguished  English 
thinker,  as  follows  :  "  Conceding  for  a  moment  that  the 
Government  is  bound  to  educate  a  man's  children, 
what  kind  of  logic  will  demonstrate  that  it  is  not  bound 
to  feed  and  clothe  them  ?  "  The  argument  ignores  and 
refuses  to  meet  the  only  excuse  which  has  ever  been 
offered  for  a  common-school  system, —  the  political 
basis.  The  system  is  not  a  largess  to  the  recipient, 
but  a  natural  measure  of  self-defense  on  the  part  of  the 
government  which  educates.  It  is  necessary,  in  a  dem- 
ocratic form  of  government,  that  the  voters  should  be  so 
far  educated  as  to  be  reasonably  relieved  from  danger  of 
deception  by  interested  parties ;  when  that  is  accom- 
plished, the  duty  of  the  government  ceases.  To  look 
at  the  function  of  government  in  the  matter,  as  so 
many  of  those  interested  in  public  education  are  apt 
to  look  at  it,  as  "  the  prevention  of  ignorance,"  is 
really  but  another  phase  of  the  feeling  that  the  func- 
tion of  government  is  "the  prevention  of  poverty." 

While  the  purpose  of  the  system  is  political,  it  seems 
legitimate  to  attempt  to  attain  as  much  other  good  as 
possible  on  the  way  to  the  goal.  If,  as  a  part  of  the 
process  of  making  the  boy  a  reasonably  good  voter,  it 
is  possible  also  to  give  him  the  rudiments  of  a  mechan- 
ical training,  surely  time  and  money  spent  in  this  way 
are  very  far  from  being  wasted.  It  is  on  this  ground 
that  the  appeal  has  been  made  for  a  certain  proportion 
of  manual  training  in  the  public  schools.  It  is  not  in- 
tended that  the  public  schools  shall  be  diverted  from 
their  proper  work  into  that  of  graduating  expert 
plumbers,  carpenters,  or  shoemakers  :  the  basis  of  the 
system,  as  above  stated,  should  guard  one  from  any 
such  error.  All  that  is  meant  is  that  the  training  of  the 
hands  and  eyes  should  have  a  place  alongside  of  the 
training  of  the  mind,  body,  and  heart.  There  are  ele- 
mentary principles  of  execution  which  are  common  to 
all  trades,  or  most  of  them.  The  boy  who  has  mas- 
tered these  is  prepared,  in  a  measure,  for  any  trade, 
though  he  is  master  of  none.  It  is  only  asked  that 
boys  in  the  public  schools  who  desire  it  should  have 
the  opportunity,  as  a  part  of  their  ordinary  work,  of 
receiving  instruction  in  these  elementary  principles. 
They  would  thus  receive  education  which  the  State  is 
under  obligations  to  provide  for  all  its  voters,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  a  preparation  through  which  they  will 
be  better  apprentices  and  better  workmen  when  they 
pass  out  of  school. 

The  argument  is  offered  in  reply  that  the  public 
schools  are  for  all,  while  this  is  a  preparation  designed 
for  a  special  class.  In  this  form  the  argument  has 
little  weight  so  long  as  German,  French,  music,  the 
higher  mathematics,  and  most  of  the  features  of  a 
preparation  for  college  are  a  recognized  part  of  the 
educational  system  of  so  many  States.  But  the  argu- 
*  See  "Open  Letters,"  in  this  number. 


ment  really  has  a  different  foundation.  It  implies  that 
the  proposition  is  a  disguised  attempt  to  develop 
a  permanent  artisan  class,  to  fit  a  part  of  our  boys  for 
"  that  state  of  life  unto  which  it  shall  please  God  to 
call  "  them,  and  to  make  it  pretty  certain  that  they  shall 
stay  there.  Nothing  could  be  more  baseless  than  such 
an  idea.  It  is  quite  sure  that  this  feature  in  educa- 
tion would  incline  boys  to  be  good  mechanics,  and  not 
mere  bunglers ;  and  that  this  training,  if  it  should 
become  general,  would  tend  to  increase  the  total  work- 
ing force  of  the  country,  even  though  it  did  not  increase 
the  number  of  mechanics.  But  it  is  far  from  true  that 
this  training  would  be  of  benefit  only  to  him  who  is  | 
to  be  an  artisan.  Even  the  clergyman  or  the  editor 
would  be  the  better  as  a  man  and  in  his  profession  for 
a  practical  knowledge  of  the  proper  use  of  those  won- 
derful tools,  the  human  hands.  There  is  no  man,  in  any 
profession,  who  would  not  be  better  able  to  do  his 
usual  work,  at  times,  for  just  this  training.  It  is, 
above  most  others,  a  training  whose  benefits  are  not 
restricted  to  a  special  class,  but  are  bestowed  upon  all. 
The  argument  assumes,  also,  the  odd  position  that 
the  better  artisans  are  the  most  likely  to  remain  per- 
manently in  the  artisan  class.  There  are  too  many  ex- 
amples to  the  contrary  to  make  it  necessary  to  do  more 
than  state  this  position.  So  far  as  the  proposition  for 
manual  training  touches  the  "  special  class  "  which  has 
been  spoken  of,  it  aims  only  to  clear  the  way  of  the 
artisan's  children  to  any  position  which  he  may  think 
higher  and  better  for  them.  But  the  essence  of  the 
proposition  has  no  such  restricted  aim.  It  aims  to  help 
eradicate  that  pestilent  feeling  of  contempt  for  work 
which  is  the  bane  of  this  generation.  Better  that  the 
rich  man's  son  should  be  compelled  to  work  with  his 
hands  for  a  year  or  two  than  that  he  should  grow  up 
to  feel,  and  to  impress  upon  others,  that  work  is  de- 
grading. Better  that  the  sons  of  our  men  of  moderate 
means  should  learn  that  there  is  a  science  and  beauty 
in  manual  labor  than  that  they  should  come  to  believe 
that  there  are  easier  ways  of  getting  a  dollar  than  by 
working  for  it.  Better  that  we  should  have  manual 
training  in  our  public  schools  than  that  all  our  public- 
school  boys  should  want  to  begin  life  as  clerks  in  bro- 
kers' offices,  or  in  any  position  which  is  not  smirched 
with  manual  labor.  That  feature  which  has  made  our 
country  what  it  is,  work  and  the  love  of  it,  is  at  stake, 
and  the  new  proposition  is  a  means  of  saving  it. 

The  only  other  objection  which  has  been  seriously 
offered  caters  to  one  of  the  worst  errors  of  our  modern 
labor  organizations.  They  aim  to  restrict  the  number 
of  apprentices,  in  order  to  "  make  more  work  "  for 
those  already  in  the  trade.  What  will  they  say  when 
they  see  apprentices  of  a  higher  grade  of  intelligence 
and  ability  swarming  out  of  our  public  schools  ?  In 
answer,  it  should  be  said  frankly  and  distinctly  that 
the  effect  which  is  implied  would  be  one  of  the  most 
weighty  benefits  of  the  new  system.  Suppose  the  law- 
yers should  form  an  organization  for  the  purpose  of 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


00032721573 


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THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLECTION 


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